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Basso profondo (Italian: "deep bass"), sometimes basso profundo or contrabass, is the bass voice subtype with the lowest vocal range. While ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' defines a typical bass as having a range that is limited to the second E below ''middle C'' (E2),〔; ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'' gives E2 to E4 or F4〕 operatic basso profondos can be called on to sing ''low C'' (C2), such as in the role of Baron Ochs in ''Der Rosenkavalier''. Often choral composers make use of lower notes, such as G1 or even F1, in such rare cases the choir relies on exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondos termed Oktavist or Octavist, whose voice range is a full octave underneath the typical bass range. == Definition== According to the Italian definition, any singer with an E2 in fortissimo is a basso profondo. Italian composers considered basso profondos as basses with a large voice, which can descend lower than the usual bass singers with a range of E2 to E4. The essential part being the large sonorous voice and not the lower register. A historical reference of the basso profondo range was published in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ''Dictionnaire de musique'' (1775), which states: "Basse-contres ~ the most profound of all voices, singing lower than the bass like a double bass, and should not be confused with contrabasses, which are instruments." Russian composer Pavel Chesnokov divides the bass section into these groups: # baritones # light basses # strong basses # strong basses with a good low register # oktavists with medium range, power and a soft sound # strong and deep oktavists Groups 5 and 6 are considered basso profondos. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「basso profondo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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